Fuel cell fluid distribution layer having integral sealing capability

ABSTRACT

A fuel cell fluid distribution layer, in one embodiment, comprises perforated graphite foil. The fluid distribution layer can have one or more reactant flow field channels formed in one or both major surfaces, one or more manifold openings, conductive filler on one or both major surfaces, conductive filler at least partially filling some or all perforations and/or an electrocatalyst one or both major surfaces.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)

[0001] This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/037,506, filed on Jan. 4, 2002, entitled “Fuel Cell Fluid Distribution Layer Having Integral Sealing Capability”. The '506 application is, in turn, a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/384,531, filed on Aug. 27, 1999, entitled “Electrochemical Cell With Fluid Distribution Layer Having Integral Sealing Capability”. The '531 application is, in turn, a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/309,677, filed on May 11, 1999, also entitled “Electrochemical Cell With Fluid Distribution Layer Having Integral Sealing Capability”. The '677 application is, in turn, a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/846,653, filed on May 1, 1997, also entitled “Electrochemical Cell With Fluid Distribution Layer Having Integral Sealing Capability”. Each of the '506, '531 '677 and '653 applications is hereby incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

[0002] This invention relates to fuel cell fluid distribution layers having integral sealing capability.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Electrochemical fuel cells convert fuel and oxidant to electricity and reaction product. Solid polymer fuel cells generally employ a membrane electrode assembly (“MEA”) comprising a solid polymer electrolyte or ion exchange membrane disposed between two fluid distribution (electrode substrate) layers formed of electrically conductive sheet material. The fluid distribution layer has a porous structure across at least a portion of its surface area, which renders it permeable to fluid reactants and products in the fuel cell. The electrochemically active region of the MEA also includes a quantity of electrocatalyst, typically disposed in a layer at each membrane/fluid distribution layer interface, to induce the desired electrochemical reaction in the fuel cell. The electrodes thus formed are electrically coupled to provide a path for conducting electrons between the electrodes through an external load.

[0004] At the anode, the fluid fuel stream moves through the porous portion of the anode fluid distribution layer and is oxidized at the anode electrocatalyst. At the cathode, the fluid oxidant stream moves through the porous portion of the cathode fluid distribution layer and is reduced at the cathode electrocatalyst.

[0005] In fuel cells employing hydrogen as the fuel and oxygen as the oxidant, the catalyzed reaction at the anode produces hydrogen cations (protons) from the fuel supply. The ion exchange membrane facilitates the migration of protons from the anode to the cathode. In addition to conducting protons, the membrane isolates the hydrogen-containing fuel stream from the oxygen-containing oxidant stream. At the cathode electrocatalyst layer, oxygen reacts with the protons that have crossed the membrane to form water as the reaction product. The anode and cathode reactions in hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells are shown in the following equations:

Anode reaction: H₂→2H⁺+2e⁻

Cathode reaction: ½O₂+2H⁺+2e⁻→H₂O

[0006] In fuel cells employing methanol as the fuel supplied to the anode (so-called “direct methanol” fuel cells) and an oxygen-containing stream, such as air (or substantially pure oxygen) as the oxidant supplied to the cathode, the methanol is oxidized at the anode to produce protons and carbon dioxide. Typically, the methanol is supplied to the anode as an aqueous solution or as a vapor. The protons migrate through the ion exchange membrane from the anode to the cathode, and at the cathode electrocatalyst layer, oxygen reacts with the protons to form water. The anode and cathode reactions in this type of direct methanol fuel cell are shown in the following equations:

Anode reaction: CH₃OH+H₂O→6H⁺+CO₂+6e⁻

Cathode reaction: {fraction (3/2)}O₂+6H⁺+6e⁻→3H₂O

[0007] In fuel cells, the MEA is typically interposed between two separator plates or fluid flow field plates (anode and cathode plates). The plates typically act as current collectors, provide support to the MEA, and prevent mixing of the fuel and oxidant streams in adjacent fuel cells, thus, they are typically electrically conductive and substantially fluid impermeable. Fluid flow field plates typically have channels, grooves or passages formed therein to provide means for access of the fuel and oxidant streams to the surfaces of the porous anode and cathode layers, respectively.

[0008] Two or more fuel cells can be connected together, generally in series but sometimes in parallel, to increase the overall power output of the assembly. In series arrangements, one side of a given plate serves as an anode plate for one cell and the other side of the plate can serve as the cathode plate for the adjacent cell, hence the plates are sometimes referred to as bipolar plates. Such a series connected multiple fuel cell arrangement is referred to as a fuel cell stack. The stack typically includes manifolds and inlet ports for directing the fuel and the oxidant to the anode and cathode fluid distribution layers, respectively. The stack also usually includes a manifold and inlet port for directing the coolant fluid to interior channels within the stack. The stack also generally includes exhaust manifolds and outlet ports for expelling the unreacted fuel and oxidant streams, as well as an exhaust manifold and outlet port for the coolant fluid exiting the stack.

[0009] The fluid distribution layer in fuel cells has several functions, typically including:

[0010] (1) to provide access of the fluid reactants to the electrocatalyst;

[0011] (2) to provide a pathway for removal of fluid reaction product (for example, water in hydrogen/oxygen fuel cells and water and carbon monoxide in direct methanol fuel cells);

[0012] (3) to serve as an electronic conductor between the electrocatalyst layer and the adjacent separator or flow field plate;

[0013] (4) to serve as a thermal conductor between the electrocatalyst layer and the adjacent separator or flow field plate;

[0014] (5) to provide mechanical support for the electrocatalyst layer;

[0015] (6) to provide mechanical support and dimensional stability for the ion exchange membrane.

[0016] The fluid distribution layer is electrically conductive across at least a portion of its surface area to provide an electrically conductive path between the electrocatalyst reactive sites and the current collectors. Materials that have been employed in fluid distribution layers in solid polymer fuel cells include:

[0017] (a) carbon fiber paper;

[0018] (b) woven and non-woven carbon fabric—optionally filled with electrically conductive filler such as carbon particles and a binder;

[0019] (c) metal mesh or gauze—optionally filled with electrically conductive filler such as carbon particles and a binder;

[0020] (d) polymeric mesh or gauze, such as polytetrafluoroethylene mesh, rendered electrically conductive, for example, by filling with electrically conductive filler such as carbon particles and a binder.

[0021] (e) microporous polymeric film, such as microporous polytetrafluoroethylene, rendered electrically conductive, for example, by filling with electrically conductive filler such as carbon particles and a binder.

[0022] Thus, fluid distribution layers typically comprise preformed sheet materials that are electrically conductive and fluid permeable in the region corresponding to the electrochemically active region of the fuel cell.

[0023] Conventional methods of sealing around MEAs within fuel cells include framing the MEA with a resilient fluid impermeable gasket, placing preformed seal assemblies in channels in the fluid distribution layer and/or separator plate, or molding seal assemblies within the fluid distribution layer or separator plate, circumscribing the electrochemical active region and any fluid manifold openings. Examples of such conventional methods are disclosed in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,176,966 and 5,284,718. Disadvantages of these conventional approaches include difficulty in assembling the sealing mechanism, difficulty in supporting narrow seal assemblies within the fluid distribution layer, localized and uneven mechanical stresses applied to the membrane and seal assemblies, and seal deformation and degradation over the lifetime of the fuel cell stack.

[0024] Such gaskets and seals, which are separate components introduced in additional processing or assembly steps, add complexity and expense to the manufacture of fuel cell stacks.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0025] A fuel cell fluid distribution layer is provided. In one embodiment, the fluid distribution layer comprises perforated graphite foil. The fluid distribution layer can have:

[0026] one or more reactant flow field channels formed in one or both major surfaces;

[0027] one or more manifold openings;

[0028] conductive filler on one or both major surfaces;

[0029] conductive filler at least partially filling some or all perforations; and/or

[0030] an electrocatalyst one or both major surfaces.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

[0031]FIG. 1 is an exploded sectional view of a conventional (prior art) solid polymer fuel cell showing an MEA interposed between two flow field plates.

[0032]FIG. 2A is an exploded sectional view, in the direction of arrows A-A in FIG. 2B, of a fuel cell that includes a pair of fluid flow field plates and a pair of fluid distribution layers with integral sealing capability. The fluid distribution layers include a polymeric mesh sheet material that has been melt-bonded in the sealing region. FIG. 2B is an exploded isometric view of a portion of the fuel cell of FIG. 2A.

[0033]FIG. 3A is an exploded sectional view, in the direction of arrows B-B in FIG. 3B, of a fuel cell which includes a pair of fluid flow field plates and a pair of fluid distribution layers with integral sealing capability. The fluid distribution layers include a substantially fluid impermeable sheet material having plurality of perforations formed in the electrochemically active region thereof. FIG. 3B is an exploded isometric view of a portion of the fuel cell of FIG. 3A.

[0034]FIG. 4A is an exploded sectional view, in the direction of arrows C-C in FIG. 4B, of a fuel cell which includes a pair of separator plates and a pair of fluid distribution layers with integral sealing capability. The fluid distribution layers include a substantially fluid impermeable sheet material having plurality of perforations in the electrochemically active region thereof, and fluid flow channels formed in a major surface thereof. FIG. 4B is an exploded isometric view of a portion of the fuel cell of FIG. 4A.

[0035]FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a fabrication process suitable for manufacture of fuel cells with fluid distribution layers with integral sealing capability.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)

[0036]FIG. 1 illustrates a typical (prior art) solid polymer fuel cell 10. Fuel cell 10 includes an MEA 12 including an ion exchange membrane 14 interposed between two electrodes, namely, an anode 16 and a cathode 17. Anode 16 includes a porous electrically conductive fluid distribution layer 18. A thin layer of electrocatalyst 20 is disposed at the interface with the membrane 14, thereby defining an electrochemically active region of fluid distribution layer 18. Cathode 17 includes a porous electrically conductive fluid distribution layer 19. A thin layer of electrocatalyst 21 is disposed at the interface with the membrane 14, thereby defining an electrochemically active region of fluid distribution layer 19. The MEA is interposed between anode flow field plate 22 and cathode flow field plate 24. Anode flow field plate 22 has at least one fuel flow channel 23 formed in its surface facing the anode fluid distribution layer 18. Cathode flow field plate 24 has at least one oxidant flow channel 25 formed in its surface facing the cathode fluid distribution layer 19. When assembled against the cooperating surfaces of the fluid distribution layers 18 and 19, channels 23 and 25 form reactant flow field passages for the fuel and oxidant, respectively. Membrane electrode assembly 12 also includes preformed gaskets 26 placed within channels 27, which extend through the thickness of the fluid distribution layers 18 and 19. When the fuel cell 10 is assembled and compressed, by urging plates 22 and 24 towards each other, the gaskets 26 cooperate with the plates 22, 24 and the membrane 14 to form a seal circumscribing the electrochemically active region of each fluid distribution layer 18, 19.

[0037]FIG. 2A is an exploded sectional view of a fuel cell 210, a portion of which is shown in FIG. 2B in an exploded isometric view. Fuel cell 210 includes a membrane electrode assembly 212, which includes an ion exchange membrane 214 interposed between a pair of fluid distribution layers 218 and 219. A quantity of electrocatalyst is disposed in a layer 220, 221 at the interface between each fluid distribution layer 218, 219 and membrane 214 in the electrochemically active region 230 of the fluid distribution layers 218, 219. The catalyst can be applied to the membrane or to the fluid distribution layer. The MEA 212 is interposed between a pair of flow field plates 222 and 224. Each plate 222, 224 has an open-faced channel 223, 225 formed in its surface facing the corresponding fluid distribution layer 218, 219, respectively, and traversing a portion of each plate that superposes the electrochemically active region 230. When assembled against the cooperating surfaces of the fluid distribution layers 218 and 219, channels 223 and 225 form reactant flow field passages for the fuel and oxidant, respectively.

[0038] Fluid distribution layers 218, 219 each have a sealing region 240. In the illustrated embodiment, ion exchange membrane 214 superposes sealing region 240 and can be melt-bonded thereto. In the electrochemically active region 230, the fluid distribution layers 218, 219 are electrically conductive and fluid permeable, to permit the passage of reactant fluid between the two major planar surfaces thereof to access the electrocatalyst layer 220, 221 respectively. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 2A and 2B, fluid distribution layers include an electrically insulating preformed polymeric mesh sheet material 250 extending into each of the active and sealing regions 230, 240, respectively. The fluid distribution layer is rendered electrically conductive in the active region 230, for example, it can contain an electrically conductive filler, at least in the region 230. Polymeric mesh sheet material 250 is melt-bonded at locations 245 in the sealing region 240 thereby rendering the fluid distribution layers substantially fluid impermeable in a direction parallel to their major planar surfaces. Further, polymeric mesh sheet material 250 is melt-bonded to ion exchange membrane 214 at locations 245 thereby also effecting a seal between fluid distribution layers 218, 219 and membrane 214. The melt-bonding within mesh sheet material 250 at locations 245 and the melt-bonding of mesh sheet material 250 to membrane 214 can desirably be accomplished in one step. A suitable melt-bond can be obtained using a conventional technique appropriate for the joining of thermoplastics and/or other polymeric materials generally, such as heat bonding or ultrasonic welding. Where appropriate, solvent bonding can also be employed (for example, where a solvent is used to dissolve the polymeric sheet material after which the solvent is removed, leaving a melt-bonded polymeric seal). Seals between the melt-bonded membrane electrode assembly 212 and plates 222, 224 are effected by compression of the fluid distribution layers 218, 219 in the sealing region 240 between plates 222, 224. Thus, complete sealing around the periphery of the active region 230, is accomplished partly by melt-bonding of the thermoplastic and/or other polymeric material, and partly by compression. Suitable mesh materials include expanded polyolefin materials, such as expanded polypropylene or polyethylene.

[0039] As shown in FIG. 2B, each of membrane 214, fluid distribution layer 219, reactant flow field plate 224, has a plurality of openings 260 formed therein, which align when assembled to form manifolds for directing inlet and outlet fluid streams through fuel cell 210. For example, oxidant fluid flow field channel 225 extends between oxidant inlet manifold opening 260 a and oxidant outlet manifold 260 b formed in plate 224. The fluid manifold openings 260 in fluid distribution layers 218, 219 are formed in sealing region 240. Openings, 260, need not necessarily be formed in the mesh material of the fluid distribution layer, as the fluid passing through the manifold can generally readily pass through the mesh material. Melt-bonded locations 245 appear between active region 230 and openings 260.

[0040] In FIG. 2A, other polymeric preformed sheets (for example, suitable microporous films) can be employed in the fluid distribution layers 218, 219 instead of the expanded polymeric mesh sheet material 250. Further, in principle, polymeric particulate filled fluid distribution layers might also be sealed in this way. Thus, polymeric particulates (for example, plastic fibers) dispersed throughout the fluid distribution layer can be employed instead of a mesh.

[0041] In the embodiment of FIG. 2A, melt-bonding of the fluid distribution layers to the membrane is preferred since this provides a seal at the fluid distribution layer/membrane interface and can result in simpler overall manufacture of an MEA. However, this interfacial seal can instead be effected by compression where desired (for instance if the membrane and polymeric material in the fluid distribution layer are not suitably compatible).

[0042]FIG. 3A is an exploded sectional view of a fuel cell 310, a portion of which is shown in FIG. 3B in an exploded isometric view. Again, fuel cell 310 includes a membrane electrode assembly 312, including an ion exchange membrane 314 interposed between a pair of fluid distribution layers 318 and 319, with a quantity of electrocatalyst disposed in a layer 320, 321 at the interface between each fluid distribution layer 318, 319 and membrane 314 in the electrochemically active region 330 of the fluid distribution layers 318, 319. The MEA 312 is interposed between a pair of flow field plates 322 and 324, each plate having an open-faced channel 323, 325 formed in its surface facing the corresponding fluid distribution layer 318, 319, respectively, as described for FIGS. 2A and 2B above.

[0043] Fluid distribution layers 318, 319 each have a sealing region 340. In the illustrated embodiment, ion exchange membrane 314 superposes only a portion of the sealing region 340 circumscribing the active region 330. The membrane 314 does not superpose entire sealing region 340. In the electrochemically active region 330, the fluid distribution layers 318, 319 are electrically conductive and fluid permeable. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 3A and 3B, fluid distribution layers include substantially fluid impermeable sheet material 350 extending into each of the active and sealing regions 330, 340, respectively. The sheet material 350 is perforated at least in the electrochemically active region, rendering it fluid permeable, to permit the passage of reactant fluid between the two major planar surfaces thereof for access to the electrocatalyst layer 320, 321 respectively.

[0044] In the illustrated embodiment, the substantially fluid impermeable sheet material 350 is formed from an electrically insulating polymeric material such as polytetrafluoroethylene or an elastomer such as Santoprene® brand rubber available through Monsanto Company. As the sheet material 350 is electrically insulating, the fluid distribution layer is rendered electrically conductive in the active region 330. For example, the perforations 352 can contain an electrically conductive filler 354. Compression of sheet material 350 in fluid distribution layers 318, 319 between membrane 314 and plates 322, 324 respectively, renders the fluid distribution layers substantially fluid impermeable in a direction parallel to their major planar surfaces in the sealing region 340, by virtue of the fluid impermeability of the sheet material 350 which extends into the sealing region 340.

[0045] As shown in FIG. 3B, each of the fluid distribution layers 318, 319, and reactant flow field plates 322, 324, has a plurality of openings 360 formed therein, which align when assembled to form manifolds for directing inlet and outlet fluid streams through fuel cell 310, as described above. For example, oxidant fluid flow field channel 325 extends between oxidant inlet manifold opening 360 a and oxidant outlet manifold 360 b formed in plate 324. The two fluid distribution layers 318, 319 and the reactant flow field plates 322, 324 cooperate to form a seal circumscribing the manifold openings 360. Whereas sealing around the periphery of the active region 340 in the embodiment of FIGS. 3A and 3B, is accomplished by utilizing the intrinsic sealing capability of the sheet material 350 when it is interposed and compressed between the plates 322, 324 and the membrane 314. If the fluid distribution layers 318, 319 are electrically conductive in sealing region 340 and membrane 314 does not superpose the entire sealing region 340, an electrical insulator would need to be interposed between layers 318, 319 to prevent short circuiting.

[0046]FIG. 4A is an exploded sectional view of a fuel cell 410, a portion of which is shown in FIG. 4B in an exploded isometric view. Fuel cell 410 is very similar to fuel cell 310 of FIGS. 3A and 3B, again including a membrane electrode assembly 412, including an ion exchange membrane 414 interposed between a pair of fluid distribution layers 418, 419, with electrocatalyst-containing layers 420, 421 defining the electrochemically active region 430 of the fluid distribution layers 418, 419. The MEA 412 is interposed between a pair of separator plates 422 and 424.

[0047] Fluid distribution layers 418, 419 each have a sealing region 440. In the illustrated embodiment, ion exchange membrane 414 superposes sealing region 440. In the electrochemically active region 430, the fluid distribution layers 418, 419 are electrically conductive and fluid permeable. In the embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B, fluid distribution layers include substantially fluid impermeable sheet material 450 extending into each of the active and sealing regions 430, 440, respectively. The sheet material 450 is perforated at least in the electrochemically active region, rendering it fluid permeable, to permit the passage of reactant fluid between the two major planar surfaces thereof for access to the electrocatalyst layer 420, 421 respectively.

[0048] In the illustrated embodiment, the substantially fluid impermeable sheet material 450 is formed from an electrically conductive material such as graphite foil, carbon resin or a metal. The perforations 452 preferably contain an electrically conductive filler 454.

[0049] In the illustrated embodiment, each fluid distribution layer 418, 419 has an open-faced channel 423, 425 formed in its surface facing the corresponding separator plate 422, 424, respectively, and traversing the electrochemically active region 430. When assembled against the cooperating surfaces of the plates 422 and 424, channels 423 and 425 form reactant flow field passages for the fuel and oxidant, respectively.

[0050] An embodiment such as the one illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B integrates several functions including sealing, fluid distribution including provision of a flow field, and current collection, in a single layer or component.

[0051] Compression of sheet material 450 in fluid distribution layers 418, 419 between membrane 414 and plates 422, 424, respectively, renders the fluid distribution layers 418, 419 substantially fluid impermeable in a direction parallel to their major planar surfaces in the sealing region 440, by virtue of the fluid impermeability of the sheet material 450 which extends into the sealing region 440.

[0052] As shown in FIG. 4B, each of the membrane 414, fluid distribution layers 418, 419, reactant flow field plates 422, 424, has a plurality of openings 460 formed therein, which align when assembled to form manifolds for directing inlet and outlet fluid streams through fuel cell 410, as described above.

[0053] A wide variety of fabrication processes can be used to manufacture and assemble fuel cells of the present design. The design is believed to be suited for high throughput manufacturing processes. FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram illustrating a possible fabrication approach for a fuel cell similar to that illustrated in FIGS. 4A and 4B. FIG. 5 shows schematically the preparation of a fluid distribution layers 518, and the consolidation of two such layers 518, 519 with a catalyzed membrane 514 and a separator layer 522, in a reel-to-reel type process. For example, fluid distribution layers 518 are formed by selectively perforating a substantially fluid impermeable preformed sheet material 550 in the active region, in a perforation step 580. The sheet material could, for example, be graphite foil. In a subsequent step 585, the perforations are at least partially filled with an electrically conductive filler, such as carbon particles and a polymeric binder. A layer of conductive filler can also be deposited on one or both major surfaces of the perforated sheet material 550. Reactant flow field channels 523 can be formed in one or both major surfaces of the fluid distribution layer in step 590, for example, by embossing. A multi-layer fuel cell assembly 510 can be formed by bringing together, in a consolidation step 595, two fluid distribution layers 518, 519, with an ion exchange membrane 514, and a substantially fluid impermeable separator layer 522. The consolidation step could include a thermal lamination and/or pressure bonding process. The ion exchange membrane 514 has a electrocatalyst-containing layer on a portion of both of its major surfaces, defining the electrochemically active region. Alternatively, the electrocatalyst could be deposited on the fluid distribution layers 518, 519 prior to consolidation step 595. The assemblies can then optionally be cut into single cell units, and layered to form a fuel cell stack, wherein separator layers 522 will serve as bipolar plates. FIG. 5 illustrates how the present fuel cell design with fluid distribution layers with integral seal capability, is suitable for fabrication via a continuous, high throughput manufacturing process, with little material wastage and few individual components and processing steps.

[0054] The practical advantages of the present fuel cell with a fluid distribution layer having integral sealing capability is the combination of the sealing and fluid distribution functions into one fluid distribution layer, thereby reducing cost, simplifying the components, and improving their reliability. This approach reduces or eliminates the need for separate sealing components in a fuel cell assembly. A further advantage with the non-porous sheet material embodiments is the ability to control the electrochemical reaction rate by varying the number of filled holes across the active region and thereby controlling reactant access to the electrocatalyst.

[0055] In all of the above embodiments, the fuel cell can include additional layers of material interposed between those shown, or the components shown can be multi-layer structures. Such additional layers may or may not superpose both the electrochemically active region and the sealing region. The separator plates can optionally have raised sealing ridges projecting from the major surfaces thereof in the sealing region. In a fuel cell assembly under compression, the sealing ridges will compress the fluid distribution layer.

[0056] Those in the art will appreciate that the general principles disclosed in the preceding can be expected to apply to both gas and liquid feed fuel cells, for example, gaseous hydrogen/air solid polymer fuel cells and liquid methanol/air or “direct methanol” solid polymer fuel cells. However, it is expected that fewer polymers will be suitable for use in the latter since a suitable polymer would have to be compatible with liquid methanol.

[0057] While particular elements, embodiments and applications of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood, of course, that the invention is not limited thereto since modifications can be made by those skilled in the art, particularly in light of the foregoing teachings. It is therefore contemplated by the appended claims to cover such modifications as incorporate those features that come within the scope of the invention. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A fuel cell fluid distribution layer comprising perforated graphite foil.
 2. The fluid distribution layer of claim 1, further comprising a reactant flow field channel formed in a major surface thereof.
 3. The fluid distribution layer of claim 1, further comprising a manifold opening therein.
 4. The fluid distribution layer of claim 1, further comprising a conductive filler on at least one major surface thereof.
 5. The fluid distribution layer of claim 1, further comprising a conductive filler at least partially filling at least a portion of the perforations.
 6. The fluid distribution layer of claim 1, further comprising an electrocatalyst on at least one major surface thereof.
 7. The fluid distribution layer of claim 1 wherein the graphite foil comprises a perforated active region and a fluid impermeable sealing region. 